![]() Cooper, a professor of public administration at Portland State University, wrote, "As a practical matter, the memorandum is now being used as the equivalent of an executive order, but without meeting the legal requirements for an executive order." In his 2014 book, By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action, Phillip J. The Office of Management and Budget is also not required to issue a budgetary impact statement on the subject of the memoranda. Presidential memoranda also include instructions directed at executive officials, but they are neither numbered nor have the same publication requirements. They are numbered, published in the Federal Register, and cite the authority by which the president is making the order. ![]() Executive orders are directives written by the president to officials within the executive branch requiring them to take or stop some action related to policy or management. ![]() Donald Trump's (R) average is highest within this timeframe, at 55 executive orders, and Barack Obama’s (D) average is lowest, at 35.Įach of these presidential documents is different in authority and implementation. Confirmation process for Cabinet nominees Īs of April 27, 2023, President Joe Biden (D) had signed 113 executive orders, 134 presidential memoranda, 417 proclamations, and 85 notices.īiden has issued an average of 48 executive orders per year in office, making him tied with Ronald Reagan (R) for the second highest among presidents who have held office since 1981.
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